下面就是我们帮你搜集整理的有关《摘要怎么写论文模板，论文的内容提要怎么写》的问答
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摘要怎么写论文模板
摘要写论文模板如下：
1.摘要包含的内容
摘要其实是内容提要，摘要应该是可以作为独立成篇的内容来看的，要有效地涵盖整篇论文的重要内容，包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和研究结论等，语言不需要华丽，但是要通顺。
下面举例进行说明：
“虽然我国的已经超越曰本成为了世界第二经济大国，但是我国产业结抅的合理性仍然存在着很多问题，有待进一步优化……实证结果显示，汇率的水平变动及波动率确实对我国产业结构的调整起到了一定的作用。”
通过这篇范文，我们可以看到这篇论文的研究目的是汇率的水平变动和波动率对三次产业结构的影响以及制造业结构、研究方法是单位根检验、协整检验以及格兰杰因果检验、研究结论标明汇率的变动确实是对产业结构的调整起到了一定作用。
2.摘要不能写的内容
上面讲了摘要的写作内容，下面说一下摘要里面不能写的内容。在各学科的研究领域当中都有一些常识性的知识，这些内容是不能在摘要中专门写作出来的。另外，在摘要不能和引言雷同混淆。还有就是摘要中不能出现评论性的描述，尤其是对本篇论文的研究内容的一些评论和解释性内容。
3.关键词
无论是中文关键词还是英文关键词都要在摘要内容下方另起一行，关键词的选用一般为3～5个，需要注意关键词之间的分隔使用的符号各院校要求不同，可能要求使用空格，逗号或者分隔号，甚至是同一个学校对中文关键词和英文关键词使用的分隔方法也有不同要求。
论文的内容提要怎么写
首先，清楚期刊内容摘要必备的四个基本要素。 目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察并剖析其不理想的局限部分。结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。 其次，撰写期刊论文摘要需要注意事项。 1、“精练”不是“简略”工作中经常能看到稿件的摘要简洁到只有一两句话，对论文所报道的研究工作只是泛泛地一句带过，论文的研究信息如过程、结果和结论要么叙述太笼统要么就没有介绍，重要数据或研究因素被语言精练得“简略”掉了，这时的摘要实际上不能独立表达论文的中心思想，没有提供什么有价值的信息，不能作为独立的信息进行交流，失去了摘要的真正意义。需要强调的是部一般对论文摘要写作都有250左右的字数。2、信息“完整”不是“罗嗦”有些作者不能把握好摘要写作中信息完整性和摘要长度控制之间的关系，当注意摘要信息完整性时总是担心说不清楚而把背景信息、修饰性词语都用上，使得摘要罗嗦冗长。3、摘要不是前言的简单复制摘要与论文的前言在功能上和内容上是不同的，有些作者在写摘要时只是将文章的前言简单的复制，虽花费了许多笔墨， 却未涉及到论文的实质性信息，显然难以简明、确切地表达出论文的核心内容， 抓不住要害，自然也难以有较高的信息价值。撰写摘要是为了浓缩信息，供读者判定取舍阅读全文，供二次文献采用。而撰写前言是为了让读者了解此项实验或研究的来龙去脉、纵向和横向的发展状况，将读者引入正文的阅读，也就是起个引路的作用。摘要写的是实验研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。而前言是着重写在本领域中前人所作的工作，本领域中仍存在的知识空白，作者的设想及预期结果。4、摘要不能丧失了独立性与自明性在实践中我们经常发现，有的摘要出现了只有依赖正文或参考文献才能理解的代码和符号；有的包括了参考文献、化学结构式、公式及其他非公知公用的名词术语和缩略语；有的摘要冗长，语言不精练，着墨于无关紧要的细节上。这无疑会给读者的阅读和理解带来困难，严重影响摘要功能的发挥，使其不能作为独立的信息进行交流。 最后，提高期刊论文摘要的写作技巧。 1、摘要要注重一个“全”字科技论文摘要必须准确而完整地体现研究目的、方法、结果和结论4要素，摘要的开头应写出反映论文主题的主题句。主题句外的写作顺序一般是目的、方法、结果、结论和其他信息，如需突出结果和结论，写作顺序可以变通为主题句、结果、结论和其他。2、摘要应讲究一个“精”字必须用词确切、文句简明扼要，切忌言之无物，衍文赘语，做到字斟字酌，惜墨如金。切忌用“大约”、“可能”、“似乎”等模棱两可的字眼。3、摘要应突出一个“新”字摘要既要全面、简明地反映全文主要内容，更要突出反映该项实验、研究的新观点、新理论、新设计、新材料、新方法。不应叙述常识性知识、一般的论点、材料和方法，也不要叙述现成的文献资料以及还没有进行的实验研究工作。4、摘要的撰写形式要规范（1）摘要要用第三人称的写法或省略主语，可采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和主题。忌用“本文”、“作者”、“本试验”、“我们”等作为主语，明显不符合摘要写作要求。（2）摘要应注重文体的客观性，不应加进自己的主观意想，不应对摘要的内容进行注解和评论。摘要中不应出现“值得推广”、“值得借鉴”、“受到×××一致好评”、“国内一流”、“世界先进水平”等词语。（3）摘要起始语句不可简单重复题名中已有的信息，摘要不应是正文的补充、注释、总结，也不可加进原文以外的解释或评论。（4）摘要的表述应以文字叙述为主除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格，尽量不使用非规范单位或缩略语。
论文摘要万能
论文摘要万能模板
论文摘要万能模板,写论文是每个毕业学子的必要任务，论文写得好不好直接影响后续的学业，最近很多朋友都在写论文，下面我就来分享论文摘要万能模板，供大家参考，希望能对大家有所帮助！
论文摘要万能1
1、首先介绍本文研究的背景和发展现状，指出本文尚待解决的问题和造成的`影响。一般在前言中可以挑出研究背景、目的或假设。
范例:随着（社会）的发展，（主题）在（主题领域）中扮演着越来越重要的角色。而过去，人们对（主题）的理解仅限于（背景现状）。从而导致了一系列问题（罗列3-5条本文待解决的问题），这些问题造成了（详述什么影响）。
2、之后，叙述研究采用的技术方法和路线
范例：基于此，本文拟采用（实验法、调查法、实证研究法、定量分析法）进行研究
3、再简述某某问题的技术解决策略，并带来怎样的结果
范例：并为解决上述问题，提出了（3-5条，与前述的问题对应）解决方案。
4、对上述内容总结，将结果上升到对社会、科学研究等领域，突出其作用价值。在结论章节中可以挑出有用的句子。注意避免夸大结论
范例：期望能够促进（主题）的发展，推动（主题领域）继续更好地发展。
5、最后，将以上内容重新整理，组成200-300字的一个段落。确保文意顺畅，删除文章里没有提及的信息和不必要的方法细节。
论文摘要万能2
1、基于、、、理 论，本文分析了……； 当前，……（背景），本文从……角度/方向/领域进行关于……的研究； 针对……问题/现象，从……方面，利用……方法进行研究。
2、本文采用……研究方法/研究模型，综合比对……理 论； 根据……研究方法/理 论模型，充分考量/考虑/分析……，对……问题进行了深入探索。
3、研究表明/显示/证实，……； 数据证明，……；……的发现，对……问题的解决和突破具有重要意义/影响。
4、建议……；实践证明，……； 为……，已证明……。
5、本论文以《……》为切入点，重点研究……。本文分为四个部分，第一部分简单分析了……现状；第二部分阐述了……模式；第三部分……模式现存问题；第四部分打造……的思考。
英文论文摘要
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
英文论文摘要模板【1】
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China’s sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
英文论文摘要模板【2】
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter’s application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women’sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women’s subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter’sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
英文论文摘要模板【3】
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
;学术论文英文摘要模板
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students’ critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students’ linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students’ critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students’ abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students’ reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students’ analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students’ critical thinking awareness and promote students’ all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students’ learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students’ critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students’ critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents’ writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen’s standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of )。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 《 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 《 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers’ motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers’perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents’ current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students’ genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students’ genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students’ writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what’s thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students’genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys’ improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students’ self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer’s teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its’ feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words’ collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners’ use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
2000字小论文标准格式模板
在一篇论文中，规范的论文格式有助于信息交换与处理及学术成果的评价。下面是我整理的2000字小论文格式，欢迎大家阅读。 2000字小论文格式 2000字小论文格式一： 毕业 论文内容和格式 学位论文用纸规格为A4，页面上边距和左边距分别为3 cm，下边距和右边距分别为2.5 cm。页眉：奇页页眉为“长治学院本科毕业论文(设计)”，偶页页眉为论文题目(不包括副题目)，居中，5号宋体字，页边距为2 cm。页脚：需设置页码，页码从正文第一页开始编写，用阿拉伯数字编排，正文以前包括摘要的页码用罗马数字，一律居中。 1、封面：封面内容包括论文题目、指导教师、学生姓名、学号、系(部)、专业、毕业时间等信息，此页不编排页码。 2、题目：题目应概括整个论文最主要的内容，恰当、简明、引人注目，力求简短，严格控制在20字以内。 3、摘要：① 正论文第一页为中文摘要，学位论文摘要约300~500字，应说明工作的目的、研究 方法 、结果和最终结论。要突出本论文的创造性成果或新的见解，语言力求精炼。为便于文献检索，应在本页下方另起一行注明本文的关键词(3~5个);② 英文摘要在文后(参考文献后)，内容与中文同，不超过250个实词，上方应有英文题目。第二行写学生姓名，指导老师…等信息;关键词，应与中文对应，便于交流。外文论文(设计)的中文摘要放在英文摘要后面编排。 中文摘要： (1)标题小4号黑体，1.5行距，段前0行，段后0行; (2)主体部分用小4号宋体，1.5倍行距; (3)关键词：小4号宋体。 英文摘要： (1)题目用小2号Times New Roman，1.5行距，段前0行，段后0行; (2)主体部分用5号Times New Roman，1.5倍行距; (3)关键词：小4号Times New Roman。 4、目录：应独立成页，包括论文中全部章、节的标题(即一级、二级标题)及页码。目录要求标题层次清晰，应与正文中的标题一致，附录也应依次列入目录。 (1)“目录”二字，中间空2格，小2号黑体，段前段后0.5行距; (2)主体部分用小4号宋体，左对齐，段前段后为0，1.5倍行距; 5、引言：在论文正文前，应阐述本课题研究的目的、意义、对本研究国内外研究现状有针对性的简要综合评述和本论文所要解决的问题等。 6、正文：是学位论文的核心。写作内容可因研究课题性质而不同，一般包括：①理论分析;②研究材料和实验计算方法;③经过整理加工的实验结果的分析讨论，与理论计算结果的比较;本研究方法与已有研究方法的比较等。 (1)正文部分 ① 正文标题：1级标题：黑体4号字，段前0.5行，段后0.5行;2级标题：宋体加黑，小4号字，段前0.5行，段后0行;3级标题：楷体GB2312，小4号字，Times New Roman;② 正文内容：宋体小4号字，首行缩进，1.5行距。引言和正文凡是引用文献处，应在引用句后括号。 (2)量和单位 各种计量单位一律采用国家标准GB3100—GB3102-93。非物理量的单位可用汉字与符号构成组合形式的单位。 (3)标点符号 标点符号应按照国家新闻出版署公布的“标点符号使用方法”的统一规定正确使用，忌误用和含糊混乱。 (4)外文字母 外文字母采用我国规定和国际通用的有关标准写法。要分清正斜体、大小写和上下脚码。 (5)公式 公式一般居中放置;小4号宋体，公式的编号采用阿拉伯数字分级编写，用括号括起写在右边行末，公式与编号之间不加虚线。公式下有说明时，应在顶格处标明“注：”。较长公式的转行应在运算符号处。 (6)表格和插图 ① 表格。每个表格应有自己的表序和表题。表内内容应对齐，表内数字、文字连续重复时不可使用“同上”等字样或符号代替。表内有整段文字时，起行处空一格，回行顶格，最后不用标点符号。 表序及表名置于表的上方，中文五号宋体字，Times New Roman.，表采用阿拉伯数字分级编写。表格用三线表。表头文字宋体加粗，表内文字宋体5号。 ② 插图。每幅图应有自己的图序和图题。一般要求采用计算机制图。 图序及图名置于图的下方，中文为五号宋体字，5号Times New Roman.。图采用阿拉伯数字分级编写。 ③ 图、表中的附注写在图或表的下方，小5字体，字母顺序编号。 7、结论：结论应该明确、精炼、完整、准确。是最终的、总体的结论，不是正文中各段小结的简单重复。应认真阐述自己的创造性工作在本领域中的地位和作用，自己的新见解的意义，也可以在结论中提出建议、研究设想、仪器设备改进意见、尚待解决的问题等。 8、参考文献：参考文献一律放在文后，其书写格式应根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：M专著，C论文集，N报纸 文章 ，J期刊文章，D学位论文，R研究 报告 ，S标准，P专利。 (1)只列作者阅读过，在正文中被引用过，正式发表的文献资料。 (2)标题4号黑体;主体部分可按一般学报格式，5号宋体字，包括作者、 题目、来源(出版期刊名称、年份、卷数、期数和页数。书籍须注明 出版单位和年份)。段落1.5倍行距。 9、致谢：英文摘要之后。应以简短的文字对在课题研究和设计 说明书 (论文)撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员(例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员)表示自己的谢意，这不仅是一种礼貌，也是对他人劳动的尊重，是治学者应有的思想作风。字数不宜超过300字。 10、附录：最后一页。 2000字小论文格式二：学位论文书写及印刷要求 1、学位论文一般1万字内，用计算机双面打印，字迹要清楚，标点符号要正确。 2、学位论文封面采用全系统一格式(见附件模板)。书脊应包含论文题目和作者姓名，要求用宋体字书写。 3、提交的论文，应是根据评阅人和答辩委员的意见认真修改过的，正文中的错别字率不得超过1‰，标点符号一律中文状态下输入的。【如：，;。()】;图表清晰(最好是非复印件，尤其是彩图)，以确保质量。 2000字小论文格式 范文 ：《计算机教学探讨》 摘要：本文作者结合实际工作 经验 ，分析介绍了做好中等职业技术学校计算机教学的方法，供大家参考。 关键词：计算机;教学;探讨 计算机技术发展到今天, 这门科学已经是一门可简可繁,可易可难的学科。在今天,就算是一位电脑方面的专家也只能说是在某一方面比较精通,而不可能做到软、硬件兼顾,面面俱到,这对于我们的职校学生来说更是如此。职业学校的计算机教学重点应该放在培养技能,解决实际问题上。对于一般的职业技术学校来说，由于学生生源的多层次，以及他们自身原有对计算机相关知识认识的不同，相应地给计算机的教学带来了很大的困难，而作为职业学校的计算机教学，要培养的是适应社会需要的具备综合职业能力的新型应用型人才，因此就必须在确立以能力为本位的指导思想基础上，加强对学生创新精神和创新能力的培养，不断提高学生的操作技能，让其在实践中发挥想象，同时让想象的事物在实践中得以实现。所以，为提高计算机学习的教学质量，我认为应采取如下几种计算机 教学方法 。 1 有效地调节计算机的教学内容 对于即将走向社会的职业中学的学生，就业前的 教育 是为受教育者就业作准备的，作为教师应当教会他们哪些内容呢?亚里斯提说“：应该向孩子们传授他们成人后能用得上的知识。”所以我以为：首先，要让他们学会有效地获取信息，信息获取的方式较多，可通过调查表、谈话、书籍阅览、拍摄等方式，在信息时代，更重要的是要会通过网络进行搜索、传输、收发、交流相关信息;其次，要学会运用软件进行信息的处理，如用 Word 进行文字的编排，用 Excel 进行电子表格的处理，用 Photoshop 对图片、图像进行处理;最后，要会对信息进行发布，可利用 Powerpoint 制作多媒体报告或利用 Front-page 进行网页的制作。许多常用的软件在操作上都具有许多共性，作为教学的任务是教会学生使用软件的方法，而使用软件的能力必须在其操作过程中去逐步掌握，所以我们必须加大对基本软件的教学，让学生从学习中提出问题，并带回课堂让教师进行释疑，通过这样的方法提高学生的学习兴趣和能力。 2 有目的地组织学生进行教学实践 有目的而学，学有所用。通过在课堂教学之前布置一些与下一步教学有关的任务，可以使学生感觉到下一步教学的重要性和兴趣，把他们的无目的学习变成有目的学习。教学中，首先由教师借助多媒体教学，采用电化教学的方法一边讲授，一边演示，让学生在课堂上就能看到各种各样的操作效果，使学生在上机时就能有针对性地进行练习，对所学内容能很快掌握。接着进行范例分析，并提出创作任务，让学生自主设计、自主寻找素材资料、自主制作完成，再由同学和老师对电子作品进行评价。学生带着任务学习，并将任务化解在自己的电子作品中，从而在完成任务的过程中学会了创作的方法与技巧，体会了创作的艰辛与喜悦。例如，用 Word 设计班级小报及个人自荐书，用 PowerPoint 制作电子 演讲稿 等。可以自制演示软件，向学生展示一些电子作品，利用交替变换的精美画面，刺激学生的感官，让学生持久拥有积极的心态和强烈的求知欲，对接下来的教学会大有帮助。 3 激发学生兴趣，提高学习效率 兴趣能激发和引导人们在思想、情感和意志上去探索某种事物的真相，是学习和创造的重要前提，是成功的先导。如果教学中不能使学生感兴趣，只是生硬的讲给学生听，那会使学生的求知过程变成麻木的机械记忆，渐渐产生厌烦感。因此在教学中，教师要采取各种教学方法挖掘、激发学生兴趣，促进学生兴趣的生成，使学生处于一个积极主动的学习状态。同时经常采用鼓励和表扬的语言、动作等，让学生体验到学习的乐趣，形成学习的内动力。如使用教师制作的一些可由学生自行执行的 Authorware 教学课件，其中既包括有教师录制的教学录像、书本知识、还有丰富多彩的练习题，通过学生自已动手、自我学习，既培养了学生的观察力、 想象力 ，又提高了学生的学习兴趣，把“苦学”变为“乐学”“愿学”。 4 让有能力的学生成为教师的助手 教师在向学生传授知识的过程中，尤其是学生在进行实践活动的过程中，应注意发挥其主导作用，不应过多地去干涉学生的学习活动，要让他们自已动手，自己思考，相互讨论，找到解决问题的方法，充分相信他们的能力，发挥他们的主体作用，挖掘其潜力，这样，教育的创造性本质才会真正体现出来。教师可将学生分成几个小组，从中挑选出有学习计算机兴趣，而且成绩好、素质高，积极性、协调能力、组织能力强的学生，担任各组的组长，明确组长的工作职责。在学生进行练习时，教师主要是进行巡视，注意一下学生经常发生的错误，帮助组长解决他们自已也不能解决的问题，并将其整理归纳，到了离下课还有 10 分钟的时候，让所有的同学都暂停操作，将本节课的重点说明、常见的操作错误及其更正方法进行讲解，难点问题进行反复论述。这样一节课下来，无论是教师还是学生，都觉得这节课上得实实在在，能够达到知识的积累、能力的进步的目的。 5 强化上机操作技能训练 学习经验 告诉我们,计算机只靠背课本是远远不够的。要想学好计算机,必须多实践,所以,计算机的实习课和上机考试尤其重要。这就要求教师不仅要重视上课的授课内容,更要把实习课安排得很精彩。中等职业学校向社会输送的是中等专业技术人才，更侧重于实践操作的能力，社会人才市场要求学生具备的基本素质之一就是要具有较强的计算机操作技能。教师要针对每一个学生的实际情况，把握好尺度，分层次推进。对学习速度快的学生，应充分挖掘潜力，不断提高;对学习速度慢的学生，则注重增强其自信心，通过反复强化练习，使学生实实在在掌握这门技术。在操作过程中，教师指导学生以理论知识为基础，充分发挥自己的想象力，去设计与制作。学生反复练习，教师及时 总结 ，使学生将理论转化为操作技能，掌握操作技术。同时，在上机过程中，要有意识引导学生观察思考，使学生养成认真观察屏幕、使用帮助信息等习惯，并能够对屏幕显示的信息进行分析得出相应的结论，使学生在实践中发现新的方法，学到新的知识，从而培养学生的观察能力和思维能力。有压力才会有动力。为使学生增加压力感，增强学习的主动性，必须调动学生，引入竞争机制，使学生有成就感，激发并保持这种成就感。这是因为，在学习中取得成功是学生精神力量的唯一源泉，使学生不断体验成功的乐趣是自主学习不断深化的重要保障。 6 结束语 教师要多动脑筋，不断探索，选择最合适的方法，带领学生走向知识的殿堂，使每堂课都取得良好的效果。职业学校计算机教学应使学生终生受益，无论学生今后从事何种职业，他们在学校学到的知识和培养的能力都应该是有用的。计算机是一门不断更新的课程，教师应该转变观念，切实改进教学手段和教学方法，有步骤有计划地过渡到“教师指导下的以学生为中心”的教学模式上，充分调动学生的能动性，使学生主动建立起知识和能力的个人框架结构。 参考文献： .河南职工医学院学报,2011，(10). .科 技 资 讯,2012，(09). .中国教育技术装备 ,2011，(1). .科技创新导报 ,2011，(5). 猜你喜欢： 1. 一般论文书写格式范文 2. 学术论文写作标准格式要求 3. 手写小论文格式 4. 一篇完整的论文格式 5. 手写小论文格式模板
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